ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cardiac output is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) and is measured in liters per minute. HR is most commonly defined as the number of times the heart beats in one minute. SV is the volume of blood ejected during ventricular contraction or for each stroke of the heart.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume The equation can be rearranged to find the heart rate and stroke volume if required: Heart rate = cardiac output ÷ stroke volume. Stroke volume = cardiac output ÷ heart rate.

Detailed explanation-3: -The heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume gives the cardiac output. The formula is given as CO = HR SV. It denotes the volume of blood being pumped out by the heart.

Detailed explanation-4: -Your stroke volume is the amount of blood your heart pumps each time it beats, and your heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute. During exercise, your body may need three or four times your normal cardiac output, because your muscles need more oxygen when you exert yourself.

Detailed explanation-5: -1.15. Cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 min. To calculate cardiac output, SV is multiplied by the HR, the number of cardiac cycles per minute. It can be represented mathematically by the following equation: CO = HR × SV (see Fig. 1.22).