ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The volume of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute is called the cardiac output. It is given by the formula: Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume.

Detailed explanation-2: -The heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume gives the cardiac output. The formula is given as CO = HR SV. It denotes the volume of blood being pumped out by the heart.

Detailed explanation-3: -Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume The equation can be rearranged to find the heart rate and stroke volume if required: Heart rate = cardiac output ÷ stroke volume. Stroke volume = cardiac output ÷ heart rate.

Detailed explanation-4: -1.15. Cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 min. To calculate cardiac output, SV is multiplied by the HR, the number of cardiac cycles per minute. It can be represented mathematically by the following equation: CO = HR × SV (see Fig. 1.22).

Detailed explanation-5: -The exact volumes are not easily measured, so they are often estimated based on what we know about stroke volume and the factors that it affects such as blood pressure which we can measure. The equation for cardiac output is: HR x SV = Q.