ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The constriction of arterioles increases resistance, which causes a decrease in blood flow to downstream capillaries and a larger decrease in blood pressure.

Detailed explanation-2: -Conversely, any factor that decreases cardiac output, by decreasing heart rate or stroke volume or both, will decrease arterial pressure and blood flow. These factors include parasympathetic stimulation, elevated or decreased potassium ion levels, decreased calcium levels, anoxia, and acidosis.

Detailed explanation-3: -When blood volume increases, it expands your arteries and veins and leads to increased blood pressure. Hypervolemia usually occurs because your body is not able to regulate fluids properly due to impaired kidney or liver function.

Detailed explanation-4: -Blood volume is determined by the amount of water and sodium ingested, excreted by the kidneys into the urine, and lost through the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and skin.