ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Premolars and molars match between upper and lower jaws. These teeth crush and grind plant material during initial chewing and rumination. Saliva aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat (salivary lipase) and starch (salivary amylase), and is involved in nitrogen recycling to the rumen.

Detailed explanation-2: -A cow’s rumen is different because it functions like a large food processor. In fact, millions of tiny organisms (mainly bacteria) naturally live in the rumen and help the cow by breaking down plant parts that cannot be digested otherwise. These tiny organisms then release nutrients into the rumen.

Detailed explanation-3: -The main digestive enzymes in cattle are salivary and pancreatic lipase, rennin, pepsin, trypsin, lactase and amylase. Maltase and isornaltase, celliobiase, trehalase, elastase and carboxypeptidase are also present.

Detailed explanation-4: -Saliva aids in chewing and swallowing, contains enzymes for breakdown of fat and starch, and is involved in nitrogen recycling to the rumen. Saliva’s most important function is to buffer pH levels in the reticulum and rumen.

Detailed explanation-5: -These cud-chewing mammals have four chambers of stomachs used for their digestion. These species obtain their nutrition from plant products by adapting to a certain process called rumination. Through the action of rumination, they ferment the food, regurgitate and chew their food before the main digestion process.