ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -INTRODUCTION. The roots of mandibular incisors present mesial and distal longitudinal grooves that can lead to root canal bifurcation. Partial bifurcation occurs when these two canals join again and end in a single apical foramen. Total bifurcation is present when the two canals end in two apical foramina19.

Detailed explanation-2: -Supernumerary roots are one of the development anomalies pertaining to the tooth root morphology. It is generally well known that the deciduous and permanent anterior teeth have a single root. Maxillary molars have three roots and mandibular molars have two roots.

Detailed explanation-3: -(Figure 2.) The maxillary first premolars (that are bifurcated) have furcations that are midmesial and mid-distal, and are both located 7 mm from the CEJ. (Figure 3.) The furcations on the mandibular first molars are centered mid-facial and midlingual.

Detailed explanation-4: -The mandibular first bicuspid presents with two canals more often than the second bicuspid. A well know study by Frank Vertucci in the late seventies reported the presence of two canals at the root apex nearly 25 % of the time and three canals in . 5% of mandibular first bicuspids!