ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -B lymphocytes, also called B cells, create a type of protein called an antibody. These antibodies bind to pathogens or to foreign substances, such as toxins, to neutralize them.

Detailed explanation-2: -Helper T cells stimulate the B cell through the binding of CD40L on the T cell to CD40 on the B cell, through interaction of other TNF-TNF-receptor family ligand pairs, and by the directed release of cytokines.

Detailed explanation-3: -FO B cells and MZ B cells. Most common type of B cell and, when not circulating through the blood, is found mainly in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). They are responsible for generating the majority of high-affinity antibodies during an infection.

Detailed explanation-4: -B cells are at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies).