ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -TH1 cells secrete cytokines to enhance the activities of macrophages and other T cells. TH1 cells activate the action of cyotoxic T cells, as well as macrophages. TH2 cells stimulate naïve B cells to destroy foreign invaders via antibody secretion.

Detailed explanation-2: -Helper T cells stimulate the B cell through the binding of CD40L on the T cell to CD40 on the B cell, through interaction of other TNF-TNF-receptor family ligand pairs, and by the directed release of cytokines.

Detailed explanation-3: -Interaction with antigens causes B cells to multiply into clones of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Then the B cells are stimulated by various cytokines to develop into the antibody-producing cells called plasma cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -T Helper (Th) Lymphocytes T helper cells recognize viral peptides in association with class II MHC protein, usually on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC). These interactions result in T helper cell activation, proliferation and differentiation, providing the affinity of binding is sufficiently high.