ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Cytokines are made by many cell populations, but the predominant producers are helper T cells (Th) and macrophages. Cytokines may be produced in and by peripheral nerve tissue during physiological and pathological processes by resident and recruited macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, and Schwann cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -1.13). Activated dendritic cells secrete cytokines that influence both innate and adaptive immune responses, making these cells essential gatekeepers that determine whether and how the immune system responds to the presence of infectious agents.

Detailed explanation-3: -There are two main classes of T cells-cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Effector cytotoxic T cells directly kill cells that are infected with a virus or some other intracellular pathogen.

Detailed explanation-4: -There are two main types lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. B cells produce antibody molecules that can latch on and destroy invading viruses or bacteria. T cells are direct fighters of foreign invaders and also produced cytokines, which are biological substances that help activate other parts of the immune system.