ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -These innate immune cells release prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as well as pyrogenic cytokines (namely, interleukin-1 (IL-1) IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)) that act systemically to induce fever.

Detailed explanation-2: -TNF is a potent proinflammatory cytokine secreted by many innate immune cells, particularly activated macrophages, but also neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, DCs, and NK cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -There are two types of cytokines responsible for the generation of fever. Endogenous pyrogens are cytokines that induce fever and include interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1), and interferon-.

Detailed explanation-4: -Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) TNF- is an endogenous pyrogen acting on the hypothalamus to induce fever.

Detailed explanation-5: -Cytokines function as mediators of fever, acting locally within damaged tissues, circulating factors and the brain. The primary endogenous pyrogens. IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha act at each of these sites and interact with nervous and endocrine systems to modify host defence responses.