ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Effector cytotoxic T cells directly kill cells that are infected with a virus or some other intracellular pathogen. Effector helper T cells, by contrast, help stimulate the responses of other cells-mainly macrophages, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -A type of immune cell that can kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus. Cytotoxic T cells can be separated from other blood cells, grown in the laboratory, and then given to a patient to kill cancer cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.

Detailed explanation-4: -In contrast to the immunoglobulins, which interact with pathogens and their toxic products in the extracellular spaces of the body, T cells only recognize foreign antigens that are displayed on the surfaces of the body’s own cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -The MHC protein displays fragments of antigens (peptides) when a cell is infected with an intracellular pathogen, such as a virus, or has phagocytosed foreign proteins or organisms [2, 3]. T cells have a wide range of unique TCRs which can bind to specific foreign peptides.