ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Humoral Immunity. The B cell is stimulated when it encounters an antigen that binds to its membrane-bound immunoglubulin receptor. B cell activation, augmented by T helper cells, leads to differentiation of B cells into plasma cells (antibody producers) and memory B cells.

Detailed explanation-2: -Follicular helper T Cells (Tfh). There, they induce the formation of germinal centers, the transformation of B Cells into plasma cells, the production of antibodies with different isotypes, and the production of memory B Cells (35).

Detailed explanation-3: -In immunology, a memory B cell (MBC) is a type of B lymphocyte that forms part of the adaptive immune system. These cells develop within germinal centers of the secondary lymphoid organs. Memory B cells circulate in the blood stream in a quiescent state, sometimes for decades.

Detailed explanation-4: -A Memory cell never forgets These cells live in the body for a long time, even after all the viruses from the first infection have been destroyed. They stay in the ready-mode to quickly recognize and attack any returning viruses or bacteria. Quickly making lots of antibodies can stop an infection in its tracks.

Detailed explanation-5: -B cells produce antibodies, which bind to pathogens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells. T cells kill infected host cells or help B cells produce more antibodies. Memory B and T cells persist in the body for many years, providing lifelong protection against reinfection by the same pathogen.