ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The TH lymphocytes function indirectly to identify potential pathogens for other cells of the immune system. These cells are important for extracellular infections, such as those caused by certain bacteria, helminths, and protozoa.

Detailed explanation-2: -B-cells make antibodies in response to antigens (antibody generators). Antigens are markers that allow your immune system to identify substances in your body, including harmful ones like viruses and bacteria. B-cells are also called B lymphocytes.

Detailed explanation-3: -T cells can detect the presence of an intracellular pathogen because infected cells display on their surface peptide fragments derived from the pathogen’s proteins. These foreign peptides are delivered to the cell surface by specialized host-cell glycoproteins.

Detailed explanation-4: -Helper T cells activate macrophages and cytotoxic cells and stimulate antibody synthesis in B lymphocytes. Cytotoxic cells are involved in the direct killing of intracellular pathogens, and the elimination of mutated and cancerous cells.

Detailed explanation-5: -T cells express a receptor with the potential to recognize diverse antigens from pathogens, tumors, and the environment, and also maintain immunological memory and self-tolerance. T cells are also implicated as major drivers of many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.