ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -A tissue sample can be taken directly from the infection, such as a throat swab or skin scraping. A sample of stool, urine, or nasal washings may be taken. A sample of spinal fluid can be taken through a lumbar puncture (spinal tap). A biopsy sample may be taken using a needle or other tool.

Detailed explanation-2: -Detection of Viral Nucleic Acids. Nucleic acid detection is now widely applied by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, combined with advances in oligonucleotide synthesis, standardized automated procedures for nucleic acid extraction, and real-time detection of PCR products.

Detailed explanation-3: -To diagnose a specific virus, your provider might swab your nose or throat or take a blood sample for testing. If they think you have a viral infection causing serious inflammation in your lungs, brain or another internal organ, your provider might get X-rays, ultrasound, MRI or CT imaging.

Detailed explanation-4: -These techniques are chemical/physical measures of virus quantification and they include serologic assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and hemagglutination assays (HA). Negative staining EM can also be used as a chemical/physical assay to detect and count virus particles.