ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The kidney is a likely source for some urinary epinephrine (E) since adrenalectomized animals and humans continue to excrete urinary E and the human kidney contains E synthesizing enzymes.

Detailed explanation-2: -During the fight-or-flight response, the adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the bloodstream, along with other hormones like cortisol, which does the following: Signals the heart to pump harder. Increases blood pressure. Opens airways in the lungs.

Detailed explanation-3: -The adrenal medulla is the inner portion of the adrenal gland. It regulates and secretes both epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress and other imbalances in the body, such as low blood pressure.

Detailed explanation-4: -In the heart, it increases the rate and force of contraction, thus increasing the output of blood and raising blood pressure. In the liver, epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, resulting in an increase in glucose levels in the blood.