ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -What causes traffic congestion? The key factors behind traffic congestion include road works, accidents, traffic overload on the same route, and large numbers of pedestrians holding up the vehicles.

Detailed explanation-2: -Congestion increases travel costs and reduces accessibility by increasing travel times. Congestion exposure has substantial adverse effects, such as an increase in noise pollution, driver stress, decreased mental satisfaction, the city’s economic growth, and increased passenger time pressure [3].

Detailed explanation-3: -Overbridges, bypass roads and flyovers are constructed to reduce the traffic problems in large cities. Other measures include using cycles whenever possible, avoiding talking over the phone while driving, give way to ambulances, and avoid overtaking.

Detailed explanation-4: -Traffic congestion affects travel costs, travel time, mobility, accessibility, productivity, and also impacts on the environment such as air pollution and global warming [1].