ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The ureters are bilateral thin (3 to 4 mm) tubular structures that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder, transporting urine from the renal pelvis into the bladder. The muscular layers are responsible for the peristaltic activity that the ureter uses to move the urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Detailed explanation-2: -In the urinary system, the peristaltic motion is caused by a muscular contraction of the ureteral wall initiated by pacemakers. This drives urine from the kidney to the bladder through the ureter.

Detailed explanation-3: -Peristalsis is a series of muscle contractions. These contractions occur in your digestive tract. Peristalsis is also seen in the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder.

Detailed explanation-4: -Ureteral peristalsis can be considered as a series of compressive zones, corresponding to waves of active muscular contraction, that move at near-constant speed along the ureter towards the bladder.

Detailed explanation-5: -Mean peristaltic frequency was 3.5 waves per minute (range, 2.5-6.5 waves/minute) in normal ureters (n=11). Five ureters were considered abnormal (one urinary tract tuberculosis and four postsurgical ureters), and all had decreased or no peristalsis (0-1.5 waves per minute).