ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Pyelonephritis occurs as a complication of an ascending urinary tract infection (UTI) which spreads from the bladder to the kidneys and their collecting systems. Symptoms usually include fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, burning on urination, increased frequency, and urgency.

Detailed explanation-2: -Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the renal pelvis, partially involving the kidney tissue. The cause is usually an unnoticed or poorly treated urinary infection, as the bacteria are already primarily in the upper urinary tract or reach up into the kidneys and thus trigger a strong inflammatory response.

Detailed explanation-3: -Outpatient oral antibiotic therapy with a fluoroquinolone is successful in most patients with mild uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Other effective alternatives include extended-spectrum penicillins, amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium, cephalosporins, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Detailed explanation-4: -Pyelonephritis can be life-threatening. When repeated or persistent attacks occur, the condition is called chronic pyelonephritis. The chronic form is rare, but it happens more often in children or people with urinary obstructions.

Detailed explanation-5: -Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are the first line empiric treatment for acute pyelonephritis. Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are the first line empiric treatment for acute pyelonephritis. An effective modality along when given IV or IM or given as a first dose in outpatient treatment.