ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The renal hilum is also called renal pedicels. It is the central recessed area which is concave at centre and convex towards the periphery. This is the area where the renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and the ureters exit the kidney.

Detailed explanation-2: -The ureter originates in the renal pelvis and leaves the kidney through the hilus, located at its medial border (Fig. 7-2). The ureter follows a caudal path that is retroperitoneal in the abdominal portion.

Detailed explanation-3: -Urine passes from the kidney through the ureter to the bladder. Then, it passes through the urethra to exit the body.

Detailed explanation-4: -Blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves enter and exit the kidney at the renal hilum, which contains the renal sinus, a fat-filled space occupied by renal calyces.

Detailed explanation-5: -Emerging from the hilum is the renal pelvis, which is formed from the major and minor calyxes in the kidney. The smooth muscle in the renal pelvis funnels urine via peristalsis into the ureter.