ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Two ureters. These narrow tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls continually tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, a kidney infection can develop.

Detailed explanation-2: -The pelvic ureter extends from the iliac vessels to the bladder[3]. There is an alternative method of ureteral nomenclature: upper, middle, and lower segments. The upper ureter extends from the renal pelvis to the upper border of the sacrum. The middle ureter continues from the upper to lower borders of the sacrum.

Detailed explanation-3: -A ureteral stricture is a narrowing of this tube. When a narrowing in the ureter occurs, the kidney cannot function normally and will be damaged over time. There will also be dilation of the kidney (known as hydronephrosis).

Detailed explanation-4: -Purpose: It is thought that the 3 narrowest points of the ureter are the ureteropelvic junction, the point where the ureter crosses anterior to the iliac vessels and the ureterovesical junction.