ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The UPJ is where the pelvis of the kidney transitions into the ureter and the UVJ is where the ureters enter the bladder. The blood supply to the ureter is segmental.

Detailed explanation-2: -The renal sinus houses the renal pelvis, a funnel‐shaped structure that merges with the ureter.

Detailed explanation-3: -Pelvic ureter The ureter enters the pelvis, where it crosses anteriorly to the iliac vessels, which usually occurs at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery into the internal and external iliac arteries. Here, the ureters are within 5 cm of one another before they diverge laterally.

Detailed explanation-4: -The medulla is divided into 8-18 conical regions, called the renal pyramids; the base of each pyramid starts at the corticomedullary border, and the apex ends in the renal papilla which merges to form the renal pelvis and then on to form the ureter.

Detailed explanation-5: -Hilum: the section that’s the entry and exit points of the kidney for the renal veins, renal arteries, and ureter located on the medial side of the kidney.