ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Note the use of the term “reabsorbed.” All of these substances were “absorbed” in the digestive tract-99 percent of the water and most of the solutes filtered by the nephron must be reabsorbed. Water and substances that are reabsorbed are returned to the circulation by the peritubular and vasa recta capillaries.

Detailed explanation-2: -As filtrate passes through the nephron, its osmolarity (ion concentration) changes as ions and water are reabsorbed.

Detailed explanation-3: -They are transported into the tubule epithelial cells through the following processes: Chloride/formate anion exchangers driven by the high concentration of chloride in the filtrate. Chloride diffuses out of the cell through channels in the cell wall, and then on into the bloodstream.

Detailed explanation-4: -The reabsorption of most solutes takes place in the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) of nephrons. Most water, nutrients (amino acids and glucose), and electrolytes (particularly sodium ions and bicarbonates) are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the PCT back into the peritubular capillaries.