ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -The normal constituents of urine include urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Glucose and other sugars are considered as abnormal constituents of urine.

Detailed explanation-2: -Usually, glucose, ketones, protein, and bilirubin are not detectable in urine.

Detailed explanation-3: -Urine has large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Nitrogen content in urine is high, mostly in urea, which makes up more than 50 percent of the total organic acids. This includes urea from protein metabolism, sodium and potassium both of which come from food.

Detailed explanation-4: -Protein is not normally present in the urine. Healthy kidneys take wastes out of the blood but leave protein in the blood. Damaged kidneys may fail to separate blood protein from the wastes and protein may leak into the urine. A small amount of protein in urine can be an early sign of kidney disease.

Detailed explanation-5: -Non-filterable blood components include blood cells, albumins, and platelets, that will leave the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole. Glomerular filtration is caused by the force of the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure (though the glomerular filtration rate includes other variables as well).