ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Usually, glucose, ketones, and bilirubin are not detectable in the urine.

Detailed explanation-2: -Substances normally found in urine are nitrogenous wastes, water, various ions (always including sodium and potassium). Substances normally absent from urine include glucose, blood proteins, blood, pus (WBCs), and bile.

Detailed explanation-3: -Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream.

Detailed explanation-4: -Human urine is composed primarily of water (95%). The rest is urea (2%), creatinine (0.1%), uric acid (0.03%), chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, phosphate and other ions and molecules in lesser amounts30 (Table 1). Protein is only found in trace amounts compared to their values in blood plasma.