APPLIED RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Left ventricular stroke volume also falls because of reduced pulmonary venous return (decreased left ventricular preload). This causes cardiac output (CO) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) to fall. If arterial pressure falls appreciably upon standing, this is termed orthostatic or postural hypotension.

Detailed explanation-2: -With each beat in the steady state, a stroke return is removed from the vena cava to refill the right ventricle and an equal amount of volume is added back to the arterial side as stroke volume.

Detailed explanation-3: -An increase in afterload, for example, in individuals with long-standing high blood pressure, generally causes a decrease in stroke volume.