APPLIED RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was diagnosed in 84.6% (77/91) of patients based on symptoms of bloating, steatorrhea, or weight loss. Of these patients, 35.2% (19/54) had vitamin A deficiency, 62.5% (55/88) had vitamin D deficiency, and 17.7% (9/51) had vitamin E deficiency.

Detailed explanation-2: -It has many causes, but chronic alcohol abuse is the most common one in western countries. Chronic pancreatitis and subsequent insufficiency can also run in families (hereditary pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). Severe malabsorption may cause deficiencies in vitamins and minerals.

Detailed explanation-3: -The cephalic phase of exocrine secretion is under the control of the vagus nerve. Sensory inputs arising from anticipation of food are integrated in the dorsal vagal complex (located in the brainstem) and transmitted to the exocrine pancreas via the vagus nerve (88, 269).