APPLIED RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Helper T cells stimulate the B cell through the binding of CD40L on the T cell to CD40 on the B cell, through interaction of other TNF-TNF-receptor family ligand pairs, and by the directed release of cytokines.

Detailed explanation-2: -The stimulation of T cells by IL-2 in culture. Signals 1 and 2 activate T cells to make high affinity IL-2 receptors and to secrete IL-2. The binding of IL-2 to its receptors helps stimulate the cell to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells.

Detailed explanation-3: -B cell activating factor (BAFF) is a cytokine and member of the TNF family. It is produced by a wide variety of cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, DCs, and T Cells) (49). It is essential for the maturation and survival of the B Cells since it participates in the processes of differentiation and proliferation.

Detailed explanation-4: -Helper T cells secrete cytokines that help B cells differentiate into plasma cells. These cells also help to activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.