APPLIED RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Detailed explanation-1: -Noxious stimuli are transduced into electrical signals in free “unencapsulated” nerve endings that have branched from the main axon and terminate in the wall of arterioles and surrounding connective tissue, and may innervate distinct regions in the dermis and epidermis (17, 30).

Detailed explanation-2: -This procedure is usually called simply reinforcement. Negative reinforcement (a.k.a. escape) occurs when a behavior (response) is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, thereby increasing the original behavior’s frequency.

Detailed explanation-3: -Pain. Nociceptors are specialized nerve endings that respond directly to noxious stimuli and indirectly to chemicals released from damaged tissue, such as bradykinin, histamine, potassium, acidity, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), acetylcholine, serotonin, substance P, and other peptides.

Detailed explanation-4: -The motor response to a noxious stimulus is to withdraw the affected part of the body from the source of irritation. Such reactions have the obvious evolutionary advantage of protecting organisms from the immediate effects of potentially damaging stimuli and are essential for survival.