BOTANY

Detailed explanation-1: -GEN: In microbial bioprocessing, E. coli is the most widely used host, due to its ease of cultivation, the wide variety of strains developed for specific tasks, and its ability to proliferate in simple media. However, it does possess some disadvantages, including amino acid misincorporation, a perennial problem.

Detailed explanation-2: -Microbial biotechnology is an important strategy for sustainable bioprocesses in which microorganisms and their enzymes are used for the conversion of carbohydrates, lignins, glycerols into various renewable resources like bioenergy production (Fig. 1).

Detailed explanation-3: -Therapeutic proteins, polysaccharides, vaccines, and diagnostics. Specialty products and industrial chemicals. Antibiotics, value-added food and agricultural products, and fuels, chemicals, and fiber from renewable resources.

Detailed explanation-4: -Bioprocess technologies include bioenergy from lignocellulose materials, biomass gasification, biofuels/bioproducts production from agro-food waste, enzymatic bioprocess technology, food fermentation, bioprocesses optimization scale-up, and modeling.