BOTANY

Detailed explanation-1: -Black cottonwood is very resistant to flooding and regenerates best on disturbed lands, like the bare sand and gravel found on recently disturbed floodplains. The seedlings, once established, grow very rapidly and soon are able to withstand the frequent flooding.

Detailed explanation-2: -For the least flood tolerant species, cherrybark oak, increased flooding stress in response to flowing or stagnant flooded increased the percent basal sprouting (table 2).

Detailed explanation-3: -Water retention by forests affects the amount and timing of the water delivered to streams and groundwater by increasing and maintaining infiltration and storage capacity of the soil. Forests can soak up excess rainwater, preventing run-offs and damage from flooding.

Detailed explanation-4: -Rice plant has high water absorption capacity. Mangroves have an extensive root system and act like sponges in absorbing excess water.

Detailed explanation-5: -Black tupelo, also called black or sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) is fine with a couple weeks of water-soaked roots. Willows (Salix spp.), American larch (Larix laricina), and northern catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) are other flood-tolerant trees.