CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Definition. When regression is used as a defense mechanism, individuals cope with stressors by acting in a childish, immature, or age-inappropriate manner, that is, they regress to earlier developmental stages, such as when it is normal to have excessive dependence or temper tantrums.

Detailed explanation-2: -The anal stage, lasting from about 18 months to 3 years of age is when children first experience psychological conflict. During this stage, children desire to experience pleasure through bowel movements, but they are also being toilet trained to delay this gratification.

Detailed explanation-3: -In psychology, reaction formation is a defense mechanism in which a person unconsciously replaces an unwanted or anxiety-provoking impulse with its opposite, often expressed in an exaggerated or showy way. A classic example is a young boy who bullies a young girl because, on a subconscious level, he’s attracted to her.

Detailed explanation-4: -In this case, Freud said that children could also become fixated and display an anal-expulsive personality. As an adult, an anal-expulsive personality is messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.