CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The M checkpoint is also known as the spindle checkpoint: here, the cell examines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules.

Detailed explanation-2: -The M checkpoint determines whether all the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules before the cell enters the irreversible anaphase stage.

Detailed explanation-3: -M checkpoint – nuclear division setup check It is also called the spindle checkpoint because the cell examines whether all sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules that separate them. If not, the cell pauses mitosis until all sister chromatids have been attached in the right way.

Detailed explanation-4: -The G1/S checkpoint prevents cells from replicating damaged DNA, whereas the G2/M checkpoint prevents cells from dividing with damaged DNA [18].

Detailed explanation-5: -G2/M checkpoints include the checks for damaged DNA, unreplicated DNA, and checks that ensure that the genome is replicated once and only once per cell cycle. If cells pass these checkpoints, they follow normal transition to the M phase.