CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Punishment is a process by which a consequence immediately follows a behavior which decreases the future frequency of that behavior. Like reinforcement, a stimulus can be added (positive punishment) or removed (negative punishment).

Detailed explanation-2: -Learned helplessness, the failure to escape shock induced by uncontrollable aversive events, was discovered half a century ago. Seligman and Maier (1967) theorized that animals learned that outcomes were independent of their responses-that nothing they did mattered – and that this learning undermined trying to escape.

Detailed explanation-3: -Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers? a. Positive reinforcers decrease the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.

Detailed explanation-4: -Escape and avoidance conditioning are examples of negative reinforcement-behavior is strengthened by subtracting/taking away something “bad” or aversive.