CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The correct answer is d. a discriminative stimulus for bar pressing. This involves the rat discriminating from the different stimuli, only one of which (here the red light) acts as a positive reinforcer for bar pressing.

Detailed explanation-2: -The Skinner Box is a chamber, often small, that is used to conduct operant conditioning research with animals. Within this chamber, there is usually a lever or key that an individual animal can operate to obtain a food or water source within the chamber as a reinforcer.

Detailed explanation-3: -Therefore: In the experiment, the White Rat was previously a Neutral Stimulus that turned into the Conditioned Stimulus. It is NOT an Unconditioned Stimulus because it did not initially cause Little Albert to cry, as he was not afraid of it.

Detailed explanation-4: -Eventually while poking around its cage, the rat accidentally presses the lever, and a food pellet drops in. This voluntary behavior is called an operant behavior, because it “operates” on the environment (i.e., it is an action that the animal itself makes).

Detailed explanation-5: -As noted above, positive reinforcement refers to introducing a desirable stimulus (i.e., a reward) to encourage the behavior that is desired. An example of this is giving a child a treat when he or she is polite to a stranger.