CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The correct answer is d. For the modeled behavior to be repeated, the learner must be reinforced or receive feedback for performing this behavior.

Detailed explanation-2: -All learning requires some degree of personal motivation. For observational learning, the observer must be motivated to produce the desired behavior. Sometimes this motivation is intrinsic to the observer. Other times, motivation can come in the form of external reinforcement – rewards and punishments.

Detailed explanation-3: -Observational learning is a major component of Bandura’s social learning theory. He also emphasized that four conditions were necessary in any form of observing and modeling behavior: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

Detailed explanation-4: -Attention: Observers cannot learn unless they pay attention to what’s happening around them. This process is influenced by characteristics of the model, such as how much one likes or identifies with the model, and by characteristics of the observer, such as the observer’s expectations or level of emotional arousal.

Detailed explanation-5: -A person learns by observing the consequences of another person’s (i.e., models) behavior, e.g., a younger sister observing an older sister being rewarded for a particular behavior is more likely to repeat that behavior herself. This is known as vicarious reinforcement.