CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer: Operant – B. negative reinforcement because by the response removes the stimulus (the painful light). When a mother strokes her infant’s skin, the stroking creates pleasure responses in the baby.

Detailed explanation-2: -The rat has learned that he can turn off the light by pressing a lever on the other side of his cage. As soon as the light comes on, the rat runs across the room and presses the lever. A. The behavior of pressing the lever is an example of operant conditioning because pressing the lever is voluntary.

Detailed explanation-3: -A child is scolded (unpleasant event) for ignoring homework (undesirable behavior.) A parent gives a child a time-out (unpleasant consequence) for throwing tantrums (unwanted behavior.) The police gives a driver a ticket (unpleasant stimulus) for speeding (unwanted behavior.)

Detailed explanation-4: -The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning associates involuntary behavior with a stimulus while operant conditioning associates voluntary action with a consequence. Classical and operant conditioning are two central concepts in behavioral psychology.

Detailed explanation-5: -An important part of shaping is stimulus discrimination. Recall Pavlov’s dogs-he trained them to respond to the tone of a bell, and not to similar tones or sounds. This discrimination is also important in operant conditioning and in shaping behavior.