CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Answer. Maria’s blinking is a response to something-it is her reaction to the flash (blinking protects her eyes from too much light)-but the camera is a stimulus-the thing that Maria reacts to. So we know, it will be a stimulus.

Detailed explanation-2: -In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff can be described as an unconditioned stimulus (US) as it produces an automated reflexive response of blinking the eye, which in terms of classical conditioning, is named as the unconditioned response (UR). Therefore, the correct choice is option c, US; UR.

Detailed explanation-3: -Learning Objectives Reinforcement means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and punishment can also be positive or negative. All reinforcers (positive or negative) increase the likelihood of a behavioral response.

Detailed explanation-4: -Spontaneous Recovery: the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Detailed explanation-5: -Sensitization is defined as an increase in response as a result of (usually strong) stimulation. Habituation primarily refers to stimulus-response systems that are ‘hard-wired, ’ i.e., the stimulus elicits the response in the absence of any training, as in reflexes, fixed action patterns, arousal, etc.