CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -A cladogram is an evolutionary tree that diagrams the ancestral relationships among organisms. In the past, cladograms were drawn based on similarities in phenotypes or physical traits among organisms. Today, similarities in DNA sequences among organisms can also be used to draw cladograms.

Detailed explanation-2: -A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Detailed explanation-3: -Cladograms are diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”. By depicting these relationships, cladograms reconstruct the evolutionary history (phylogeny) of the taxa. Cladograms can also be called “phylogenies” or “trees”.

Detailed explanation-4: -Scientists use cladograms to propose and ask questions about the evolutionary relationships between different species. By giving weigh to derived characters and recognizing ancestral characteristics, scientists can compare different phylogenies of the same groups of organisms.

Detailed explanation-5: -The terms evolutionary tree, phylogenetic tree, and cladogram are often used interchangeably to mean the same thing-that is, the evolutionary relationships among taxa. The term dendrogram is also used interchangeably with cladogram, although there are subtle differences, discussed in Chapter 9.