CHILD DEVELOPMENT PEDAGOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -This carboxyl group ionizes to release hydrogen ions (H+) from the-COOH group resulting in the negatively charged-COO– group; this contributes to the hydrophilic nature of whatever molecule it is found on.

Detailed explanation-2: -A carboxyl group is made up of one carbon (C) and two oxygen (O) atoms. That carboxyl group has a negative charge, since it is a carboxylic acid (-COOH) that has lost its hydrogen (H) atom.

Detailed explanation-3: -Phosphate groups also contain a negative charge and can participate in ionic bonds. Phosphate groups are common in nucleic acids and on phospholipids (the term “phospho” referring to the phosphate group on the lipid).

Detailed explanation-4: -These are aspartic acid or aspartate (Asp) and glutamic acid or glutamate (Glu). Their side chains have carboxylic acid groups whose pKa’s are low enough to lose protons, becoming negatively charged in the process.

Detailed explanation-5: -Carboxyl groups are a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, namely, hydroxyl (single-bonded OH) and carbonyl (double bonded O) groups. The carboxyl (COOH) group is so-named because of the carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group. They include carboxylic acids and amino acids.