CURRENT AFFAIRS

Detailed explanation-1: -Microbes are being used to produce ethanol for biofuels which is produced from lignocellulose, a mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which make up the plant cell wall. The enzyme which breaks down cellulose is cellulase.

Detailed explanation-2: -GM bacteria are used in the production of enzymes such as milk-clotting enzymes for cheese production and food/feed additives such as aspartame and l-lysine.

Detailed explanation-3: -The bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis have been most widely used to construct ethanol producing strains because the molecular biology of these microorganisms is well understood.

Detailed explanation-4: -In their most obvious role in energy conversion, microorganisms can generate fuels, including ethanol, hydrogen, methane, lipids, and butanol, which can be burned to produce energy. Alternatively, bacteria can be put to use in microbial fuel cells, where they carry out the direct conversion of biomass into electricity.