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Detailed explanation-1: -NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei broke the record Tuesday for the single longest spaceflight by an American explorer at 341 days. Vande Hei, 55, has been on the International Space Station since Apr. 9, 2021. The record was previously held by retired astronaut Scott Kelly.

Detailed explanation-2: -Cosmonaut Gennady Padalka holds the record for most time spent in space over multiple missions. Over the course of seventeen years and five space flights, Padalka spent a total of 878-days in space.

Detailed explanation-3: -Detailed Solution. The correct answer is Christina Koch. The longest-ever single spaceflight by a woman was accomplished by NASA astronaut Christina Koch.

Detailed explanation-4: -Peggy Annette Whitson (born February 9, 1960) is an American biochemistry researcher, retired NASA astronaut, and former NASA Chief Astronaut. Whitson has a total of 665 days in space, more than any other woman or American.