CURRENT AFFAIRS

Detailed explanation-1: -All these indicate the extent of AMR in India. In response to this, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) established a national repository of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria at ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Kolkata, in 2019.

Detailed explanation-2: -The first sign of antibiotic resistance became apparent soon after the discovery of penicillin. In 1940, Abraham and Chain reported that an E. coli strain was able to inactivate penicillin by producing penicillinase [20].

Detailed explanation-3: -The first case of penicillin resistance was observed in 1947. The period between 1950 and 1960 is often referred to as the golden age of antibiotic discovery, as one-half of the antibiotics commonly used today were discovered during these years.

Detailed explanation-4: -Welcome To Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance and Research Network (AMRSN) of ICMR. Initiated by the ICMR in 2013, AMRSN delivers the accurate estimation of drug resistant infections and patterns of AMR among pathogens of human importance across Indian hospitals.

Detailed explanation-5: -Resistance was first recorded in the bacterial species of streptococci and gonococci. Resistance first presented a major issue to antibiotic use with the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Currently, antibiotic resistance remains a major public health threat and a contributor to antimicrobial resistance worldwide.