DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The leaves of gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand extreme humidity and temperature conditions. For example, in conifers the shape of the leaves is needle type and hence the surface area is reduced, also the sunken stomata and thick cuticle prevent or reduce the loss of water.

Detailed explanation-2: -Conifers, or cone-bearing trees, evolved to have needles that retain more water and seeds that could hang out until there was enough moisture to take root. It may not seem like it, but needles are leaves.

Detailed explanation-3: -Compared to ferns, gymnosperms have three additional adaptations that make survival in diverse land habitats possible. These adaptations include an even smaller gametophyte, pollen, and the seed. Gymnosperms are plants that bear seeds that are “naked, ‘’ meaning not enclosed in an ovary.

Detailed explanation-4: -Needle-like leaves are found in Cycas.