DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -In plants, pneumatophores are modified roots growing in swampy areas or waterlogged environments. These roots come out of ground and grow vertically upwards, which help the roots to get oxygen for respiration.

Detailed explanation-2: -Mangroves are seen in swampy areas and have modified roots for breathing. These roots are called pneumatophores. Pneumatophores are finger-like projections that grow out from the water surface in an upward direction and possess lenticels.

Detailed explanation-3: -The roots of the plants (e.g., Rhizophora) growing in marshy/swamp areas become negatively geotropic. They grow vertically upwards in air, above the soil level and respire so called respiratory roots or pneumatophores.