DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -With their large fronds, ferns are the most readily recognizable seedless vascular plants. They are considered the most advanced seedless vascular plants and display characteristics commonly observed in seed plants. More than 20, 000 species of ferns live in environments ranging from tropics to temperate forests.

Detailed explanation-2: -However, unlike flowering plants, ferns do not have flowers or seeds; instead, they usually reproduce sexually by tiny spores or sometimes can reproduce vegetatively, as exemplified by the walking fern. In the past, ferns had been loosely grouped with other spore-bearing vascular plants, often called “fern allies”.

Detailed explanation-3: -fern, (class Polypodiopsida), class of nonflowering, herbaceous vascular plants that possess true roots, stems, and complex leaves and that reproduce by spores.