DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Vascular plants without seeds reproduce by the use of unicellular, haploid spores, which are light enough to be easily dispersed by the wind. Plants without seeds have the second generation in their life cycle. They go through a saprophytic diploid stage.

Detailed explanation-2: -Seedless, non-vascular plants produce only one kind of spore and are called homosporous. The gametophyte phase (1n) is dominant in these plants. After germinating from a spore, the resulting gametophyte produces both male and female gametangia, usually on the same individual.

Detailed explanation-3: -Plants that reproduce by spores Ferns, mosses, liverworts and green algae are all plants that have spores.

Detailed explanation-4: -Plants such as ferns and mosses are called nonflowering plants and produce spores instead of seeds. There is also another group called the Fungi, that include mushrooms, and these also reproduce by spores.