DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -The vascular plants (the “tracheophytes”) are a monophyletic clade of polysporangiate lineages characterized by the capacity to produce xylem and phloem in addition to the ability to form cuticles, stomata, and spores with chemically and mechanically resistant walls.

Detailed explanation-2: -Not all vascular plants produce seeds, however the majority do. The gymnosperms and the angiosperms produce seeds. However, other vascular plants, including ferns, do not produce seeds.

Detailed explanation-3: -The earliest land plants arose about 470 million years ago and are evidenced in the fossil record as spores or spore masses [4–7].