DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -As an example, let’s consider a wildfire that breaks out in a forest where deer live. The fire will kill any unlucky deer that are present, regardless of population size. An individual deer’s chance of dying doesn’t depend at all on how many other deer are around.

Detailed explanation-2: -For example, a wildfire that sweeps through a dense forest in the Everglades has a big impact on every population in the community, regardless of the density of any one population. Wildfire is abiotic (nonliving), and most density-independent limiting factors fall in this category.

Detailed explanation-3: -The correct answer is (b) density-independent regulation.