FOREST ECOLOGY
FOREST SUCCESSION
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Question
[CLICK ON ANY CHOICE TO KNOW THE RIGHT ANSWER]
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An old-growth deciduous forest
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A hillside that has been cleared by a forest fire
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A mountain meadow after the spring snowmelt
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After a volcanic eruption
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Detailed explanation-1: -Lichens are considered as pioneer species in primary succession on rocks because they can easily grow on rocks where other plants cannot grow. They produce oxalic acid which induced the weathering of rocks and thus soil is formed.
Detailed explanation-2: -Lichens grow very slowly and some lichens can live for several centuries. Lichens are pioneers: they have the ability to settle on substrates that are very low in nutrients and can withstand extreme temperature and light conditions.
Detailed explanation-3: -Lichens (the pioneer species) are able to survive because they are specialised to cope with the hostile abiotic conditions. Lichens can grow in cracks to avoid the wind and they secrete acids that erode rock to release minerals. The pioneer species have now changed the abiotic conditions.