DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -Secondary succession occurs when the severity of disturbance is insufficient to remove all the existing vegetation and soil from a site. Many different kinds of disturbances, such as fire, flooding, windstorms, and human activities (e.g., logging of forests) can initiate secondary succession.

Detailed explanation-2: -Secondary succession starts when a disturbance (such as wind storms, insect outbreaks, logging, avalanches, bulldozers, or fire) leaves the soil intact. Seeds, spores, and roots usually remain as well. Sites that begin with secondary succession reach the next stage more quickly than during primary succession.

Detailed explanation-3: -A classic example of secondary succession occurs in oak and hickory forests cleared by wildfire. Wildfires will burn most vegetation and kill those animals unable to flee the area. Their nutrients, however, are returned to the ground in the form of ash.

Detailed explanation-4: -The order of secondary succession is pioneer species, intermediate species, and finally climax community. The pioneer species are the first to colonize and include the producers like lichens and mosses. The intermediate species appear next and include shrubby plants and small trees.