DENDROLOGY

Detailed explanation-1: -They also thought that the end result of succession was a stable, unchanging final state called a climax community, largely determined by an area’s climate. For instance, in the example above, the mature oak and hickory forest would be the climax community.

Detailed explanation-2: -Climax trees are characteristically long-lived species such as Scots pine and sessile oak. Climax woodland is not the end of the story. Large, natural forest ecosystems are dynamic and diverse thanks to disturbance by wind, fire and disease, as well as the presence of herbivores and carnivores such as the wolf.

Detailed explanation-3: -(d) Climax community. Hint: During succession over the rocks, the lichen gets replaced by forests. Similarly, in water bodies also the phytoplankton gets replaced by the forest. So, the ultimate community is the most stable community.